In the wake of the Wall Street collapse and bailout in 2008, I was repeatedly tempted to present my students with a lecture on subprime mortgages. I kept imagining the lecture I wanted to deliver but finance and economics were not my fields or a relevant subject for any of my literature classes. Reading the prologue to Michael Lewis’s The Big Short about the nerdy outsiders who foresaw and actually made money from the collapse and learning that Meredith Whitney with her B.A. in English from Brown University was one of the first whistleblowers to accurately assess the mismanagement that was going on, I am once again feeling inspired to offer my two cents (for those of you who still know what “two cents” means).
What follows is the lecture that I almost but never quite gave and a comparison of university degrees and subprime mortgages punctuated with confessions of ignorance which will demonstrate that you don’t need to know very much in order to understand what was going on even though the people who were supposed to know everything about big finance still claim they had no understanding of what was going on.
Confession of ignorance #1: Until recently I misunderstood what the word “subprime” meant in the expression “subprime mortgage.” I knew that the “prime rate” meant the best possible rate at which a bank would lend money. Since the prefix “sub” means “under,” “beneath,” or “lower,” I assumed that a "subprime mortgage" must be a special low-interest kind of mortgage designed to help poorer people. Based on the words, that’s what the expression should mean but I and the people who took out those mortgages could not have been more wrong; it means exactly the opposite. To keep it simple the expression “subprime mortgage” is a lie, a sales-pitch expression to convince people that they were getting a deal when in fact they were being tricked into signing mortgage contracts with high-interest rates that ultimately they would be unable to pay.
In financial circles the expression “subprime mortgage” means that the people borrowing the money are considered “subprime” because they have low incomes and/or poor credit ratings. The loans are considered riskier for the lender and so the borrowers have to pay higher interest rates. Hypothetically, if a rich person and a poor person wanted to buy exactly the same house, the rich person would pay less for the house and the poor person would have to pay a higher interest rate on the mortgage and therefore much more for the same house. This is what is known in capitalist economics as a level playing field. (Yes, I am being sarcastic.)
The day I almost gave my lecture on subprime mortgages, I was lecturing on the Age of Reason, that period in English literary history known as the Enlightenment in antithesis to the Dark Ages, the Medieval period dominated by religious dogma. As a warm-up to my lecture, I began with the thunderingly impertinent question to the class: “Why are you here?”
With rapid alacrity a hand shot up in the third row and a handsome young man with loads of puppy-dog charm answered earnestly: “to procreate.”
“Say what?” I asked.
I couldn’t resist. “I think I should warn the young women sitting around ‘F.’ that he is here today in class at the University in order to procreate.”
(Just in case you might think I did “F.” some harm, I should point out that when the giggles subsided what I witnessed was a half dozen young women gazing at him in newfound dewy-eyed admiration—and “F.” was nothing if not a good sport. )
I was introducing the notion that a university education was the continuation of an idea, which became dominant in and perhaps defined the Enlightenment, that it was possible for individuals and societies to improve. This concept of progress, of getting better, provided a new answer to the question about why we were here, the purpose of our existence, displacing the established Medieval notion that the human species existed to praise, worship and obey God and, in the words of my grade-school Catholic catechism, “to reflect his glory.”
Before the class could get there, we had to get past the other answer to my “why are you here?” question: “to get a degree,” and the cut-to-the-chase, more cynical echo, “yeah, to get that piece of paper.”
“To get that piece of paper”: that was my cue to deliver my “subprime mortgage” lecture, but I chickened out.
In the lecture I daydreamed but never gave I took a bill out of my wallet and asked the class “and what is this?” I received the funny joke answers with a smile and a laugh, and collected the “right” answers: “it’s money,” “Canadian currency,” “it’s a five-dollar bill.”
I would acknowledge and congratulate the correct answers, but at the same time, I would point out how knowing the right answer can sometimes blind us and prevent us from recognizing the most obvious, empirical, irrefutable, down-to-earth answer. In this case what I was holding for display was, in the first place, “a piece of paper with printing on it.” This particular paper was an IOU issued by the Government saying that Canada owed me five dollars. It is a very strange kind of IOU because everyone understands that it marks a debt which will never be paid. (If this intrigues you check out When Should You Repay Your Student Loan.) We typically assess the value of something in terms of money, but this time the valuation needed to be reversed. The Government designated the value of this bill as “5” but its real value is unpredictable. Depending on the time and place a Canadian 5-dollar bill could have a value of 3 litres of gas or maybe 5, 2 bottles of beer or maybe 1 or maybe 5, half a hamburger or maybe 2. You never know what five dollars is worth until you try to spend it.
Now I take out a sheet of paper and write on it in large letters: MORTGAGE, and underneath an amount, say $170,000. If I was really well prepared I could have copied out something that looked almost like a real mortgage:
FCG Mortgage
Name: Michelle
Amount: $170,000
Starting Interest rate: 3% (variable)
Property: Nice little house on nice little street.
Lender Signature: Finance Guy
Borrower Signature: Michelle
“Again, this is a piece of paper. Agreed? If you suspend disbelief a moment, let us imagine that this piece of paper is a real mortgage. If we compare these two pieces of paper we will discover why people who know about finance consider the mortgage so much better than money. Ignoring the difference in the amounts (5 versus 170,000), the mortgage is better than money because the value of money is, historically, less certain. The value of money always goes down over time but the value of mortgages and houses always go up. Historically, inflation decreases the value of money by around 2% every year, but a typical mortgage increases in value by around 5% every year. Money used to be backed up by gold, but these days the value of money is based on nothing tangible. A currency is worth whatever people who trade on money markets decide it is worth for reasons that no-one really knows. Mortgages on the other hand are backed up by actual buildings.”
[Now I would draw my best grade-school impression of a house on the blackboard.]
[Cut and paste from the net; much better than I could do!]
“So how did mortgages which were less risky and more desirable and solid than cold, hard cash suddenly become 'subprime,' 'toxic,' unreliable and generally worthless? The answer: mortgages are only valuable when everyone is following the rules. When people stop following the rules, mortgages become worthless pieces of paper. Actually, much worse than worthless because the person who takes out a mortgage is still expected to pay it off or s/he will be punished.”
[Here’s where we can begin to compare university degrees and subprime mortgages. Spoiler alert: The moral of both stories is that mortgages and degrees are of value when the people involved in the process are doing what is expected of them, following the rules, and fulfilling their obligations. Unfortunately, for everything that went wrong with mortgages from 2003 to 2008, it's possible to see a parallel with university degrees.]
“A mortgage has to be taken out by an individual. In our case, let us imagine that this is Michelle’s mortgage. [There was always at least one Michelle in in my classes and Michelles were invariably nice and smart and would cheerfully accept being my hypothetical.] Michelle is a student and works part time, so what is she doing taking out a mortgage? Many people would say that the problem with subprime mortgages is Michelle’s fault. She just couldn’t afford the house she tried to buy. So why did she? To answer this question we have to look at the guy from the finance company who arranged her mortgage.”
“Here’s his sales pitch: 'Michelle, you can buy this house, really nice, huh, for $170,000. I will give you a mortgage for $170,000 at 3% interest for the first two years. That means you will be paying $805 a month, which isn’t much more than you are now paying for rent. Your interest rate might go up after the first two years, but so will the value of your house, so if you're not happy you’ll be able to sell it for a profit.'"
“Sounds like Michelle can’t lose, right. And how could she resist? She’s being given $170,000 and a house. All she has to do is sign the mortgage contract, and supply a few documents like pay cheque stubs, tax form, credit rating. And if she doesn’t have them, well Mr. Finance Company is a nice guy and wants to be nice to her, so he will approve her mortgage even without the documents.”
“Mr. Finance Company Guy probably knows that eventually Michelle will not be able to afford the house and the mortgage. She might manage to pay the mortgage, the taxes and the expenses of keeping up a house for the first two years, but after the first two years the 3% interest rate (it’s called the ‘teaser rate') will end. Suddenly Michelle will have to pay a new variable, non-teaser rate of something like 12%—because students like Michelle who work part time and don’t have high incomes or great credit scores have to pay extremely high mortgage rates. Assuming Michelle never missed a mortgage payment in the first two years (which isn’t very likely), she will still owe $160,561 on her mortgage. Her new monthly mortgage payment at 12% will be $1657.00—at least twice as much as she can possibly afford.”
“So what does Michelle do now. Obviously she has to sell her house. Maybe she can sell it for $180,000? Nope. How about selling it for $170,000? Still no. How about if she sells it for just enough to pay what she owes on the mortgage? Still no buyers. How about if she sells it for $150,000; she ends up with no house and a debt of $10,000? For most people in Michelle’s situation in 2008 the answer was still no. Why? Because Mr. Finance Company Guy had made the same deal with lots of people that he made with Michelle and they were all in the situation of being unable to pay their mortgages and were trying desperately to sell their houses for less than they paid and less than they owed—so the price of houses was collapsing.”
Parallel #1: Anyone with a university degree who is unemployed or underemployed and faced with a student loan knows a bit about how Michelle’s situation must feel. Owning a house, getting a degree--they were both supposed to be no-brainer guarantees of future prosperity but the implied promises have been reneged upon.
To be continued . . .
Before the class could get there, we had to get passed the other answer to my “why are you here?” question: “to get a degree,” and the cut-to-the-chase, more cynical echo, “yeah, to get that piece of paper.” passed? Later on, "your" seems to be a typo.
ReplyDeleteI have read quite a few of your blog posts and this is the first one I've seen which seems to need a quick edit.
That introduction, of course, indicates that I am a retired secondary school English department head.
In my defence, I grow trees, spend most of my blogging time on various auto repairs, and share your reverence for the English language.
I'm delighted to discover your blog.
I have corrected the errors you noted and a couple of other hyphen errors. Thanks for the edits, Rod, and for reading.
ReplyDelete